Stage 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0–18 Months)
During infancy, children rely entirely on caregivers for support and consistency.
If their needs (food, comfort, affection) are consistently met, the infant typically develops a sense of trust, believing the world is safe and predictable.
Conversely, unpredictable or neglectful care leads to mistrust and anxiety.
- Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Age Range: Birth to about 18 months
- Key Activity: Feeding and consistent caregiving
- Virtue Gained: Hope
- Possible Negative Outcome: If unresolved, the infant may grow into an anxious child who views the world as unreliable.
Here&#;s the conflict:
Trust: If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and nurturing, the child will develop a sense of trust, believing that the world is safe and that people are dependable and affectionate.
This sense of trust allows the child to feel secure even when threatened and extends into their other relationships, maintaining their sense of security amidst potential threats.
Mistrust: Conversely, if the caregiver fails to provide consistent, adequate care and affection, the child may develop a sense of mistrust and insecurity.
Th
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by Stephen R. Covey
About the book
This international bestseller is one of the best personality books that focuses on how you can identify and build on your good personal and professional habits, which will differentiate you from an average person.
Book review
The author states that everyone has habits – some are good, some are bad, and some have little to no impact on our life. The book doesn't ask you to do away with the bad ones. It simply helps you to build on the good ones. The author suggests seven synergistic habits that complement each other in different ways. These habits will help you take control of your life, make smarter decisions, manage social relationships, overcome bad habits, enhance productivity, etc. The underlying message in the book is that changing your habits doesn't just change how you see the world but also changes how the world sees you, which can be the difference between success and failure.
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10 Must-Read Biographies of Indians Who Transformed The Nation
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In his biography, ‘India’s Missile Man’ Dr APJ Abdul Kalam recalls that when he worked as a newspaper boy as a child, he would fold the paper in the shape of a rocket before throwing it towards a house, so it would land straight in the home’s compound.
Often, big dreams of making discoveries, setting records, and spawning revolutions start from such seemingly silly stories. The biographies of India’s great personalities are an accumulation of many such tales, which tell of their hardwork and perseverance, and what it took to leave a mark on India’s history.
Here are our recommendations of must-read biographies that will leave you inspired:
1. Dilip Kumar: The Definitive Biography by Bunny Reuban
“This is the story of Dilip Kumar, an introverted and inhibited youth who metamorphosed into a thespian par excellence by the sheer dint of his determination, perseverance and capability.”
Dilip became the face of Indian cinema and produced several notable films. T
The History of Personality Psychology: From Ancient Philosophy to Modern Science
Personality psychology, the study of what makes each of us unique, has been a subject of fascination for centuries. But while the roots of this field stretch back to ancient philosophical musings, it wasn’t until the last hundred years or so that personality became a subject of formal scientific inquiry. From Aristotle’s reflections on the soul to today’s data-driven research, the journey has been one of constant discovery and evolution.
Ancient Beginnings: Philosophers Ponder the Soul
Long before personality psychology became a science, philosophers were already asking deep questions about human nature. Aristotle, one of history’s greatest thinkers, was fascinated by what drives human action. He described the psyche, or soul, as the force behind our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. According to Aristotle, different types of souls—vegetative, sensitive, and rational—dictated different levels of human function, with the rational soul being unique to humans. This was one of the earliest attempts to explain why people behave the way they do.
Around the same time, the famous phys
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