Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph
, –, French revolutionary and statesman. He was a clergyman before the Revolution and was known as Abbé Sieyès. His pamphlet [What is the third estate?] (), attacking noble and clerical privileges, was popular throughout France, and he was elected deputy from the third estate to the States-General of He advocated the formation of the national assembly, and participated in the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the constitution of (see French Revolution). He made his chief contributions in –91 with the theory of national sovereignty and representation, and the distinction between active and passive citizens, which restricted the vote to men of property. As a member of the Convention he voted for the execution of King Louis XVI. His prudent silence enabled him to live through the Reign of Terror, and after the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (), Sieyès again became active in the government. In he entered the Directory. Later that year he conspired with Napoleon Bonaparte (see Napoleon I) in the overthrow of the Directory by the coup of 18 Brumaire. Sieyès became, with Bonaparte and Roger Ducos, one of the thr
Comte Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
The French statesman and political writer Comte Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès () known as the Abbé Sieyès, upheld the interests of the Third Estate. His effort to consolidate a moderate republican governmentestablished Napoleon Bonaparte as the head of state.
Born at Fréjus on May 3, , Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès got his primary education from the Jesuits in his hometown and continued into advanced study in theology. Appointment as a canon in the cathedral chapter of Tréguier () brought him the appellation of Abbé (used in France not only for abbots but also for churchmen without a parish), and by the eve of the French Revolution he had been promoted to vicar general of the bishop of Chartres. But his interests in these years of intensive political debate turned from theology and Church administration to public affairs, and when the government called for proposals on ways to hold the elections to the Estates General, one of his three pamphlets on the issue was of critical importance in rallying the Third Estate as a force independent of, and even hostile to, clergy and nobility. This was the famous Qu'est-ce que le tiers état? (; What Is the Third Es
SIEYÈS, EMMANUEL-JOSEPH (–), French revolutionary politician and writer. The Abbé Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès is synonymous with the French Revolution. He advocated voting reform in the Estates-General, publishing his famous pamphlet, What Is the Third Estate?, in January Elected to the Third Estate, Sieyès made the transition from writer to politician, serving in the National Assembly and later in the Convention before entering the executive branch as a director in Unhappy with the constitution and the direction of the revolution, he plotted with a number of former and current politicians, including General Napoleon Bonaparte (later Napoleon I, r. –/15) to overthrow the Directory. Sieyès's active role in French politics came to an end shortly after the coup of 18 Brumaire Sieyès was ultimately more influential as a writer and political commentator than as a politician, and although he was well respected by his contemporaries, he was unable to carry that respect over to his political career. Sieyès was born into a middle class family in Fréjus, on the Mediterranean. He entered the clergy and studied at the Sorbonne, but his interests extended far beyon
What is necessary that a nation should subsist and prosper? Individual effort and public functions. All individual efforts may be included in four classes: (1) Since the earth and the waters furnish crude products for the needs of man, the first class, in logical sequence, will be that of all families which devote themselves to agricultural labor. (2) Between the first sale of products and their consumption or use, a new manipulation, more of less repeated, adds to these products a second value more or less composite. In this manner human industry succeeds in perfecting the gifts of nature, and the crude product increases twofold, tenfold, one hundred-fold in value. Such are the efforts of the second class. (3) Between production and consumption, as well as between the various stages of production, a group of intermediary agents establish themselves, useful both to producers and consumers; these are the merchants and brokers: the brokers who, comparing incessantly the demands of time and place, speculate upon the profit of retention and transportation; merchants who are charged with distribution, in the last analysis, either at whole
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Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph
Sieyès, "What Is the Third Estate?" ()
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